Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cardiovascular and Ethno pharmacology

Cardio pharmacodynamics of digitalis is most frequently used to increase the adequacy of the circulation in patients with CCF and to slow the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter NB: the main action of digitalis is its ability to increase myocardial contractility its positive isotropic action results in, a. increased cardiac output, b. decreased heart size, c. decreased venous pressure, d. decreased circulating blood volume. e. neural tissue being responsible for indirect cardiac actions of the drug finally, changes to the circulation brought about by digitalis frequently result in reflex autonomic & hormonal changes which effect the CVS. Role of drugs in coronary circulation the circulatory system is busy providing oxygen and nourishment to every cell of the body, let's not forget that the heart, which works hardest of all, needs nourishment. Ethnopharmacology is to identify the objectives of a largely virtual field whose self-identified membership represents a diverse suite of academic and applied disciplines, as well as commercial interests. Integrative Pharmacological Investigations include conglomeration of more number of pharmacological aspects and aggregated scientific research of two or more drugs. Natural products of chemistry in drug discovery play a vital role in bringing advances in traditional drug treatments. Chemistry and structural elucidation of drugs accelerate potential treatment options in the evolving developmental changes. Natural and synthetic derivatives in pharmacological studies are important aspect of advances in the development and investigation that avoid adverse drug reactions of the synthetic medicine. Mere change in the structures of the drugs can cause potential differences in efficacy and therapeutics of drug treatment.